105 research outputs found
The role of civil affairs in unconventional warfare
With the renewed focus on Unconventional Warfare as a means of achieving U.S. Foreign and National Security Policy goals, the U.S. Army Special Operations Command Civil Affairs force must assess its capability to conduct Civil Affairs operations in support of an Unconventional Warfare campaign. This thesis examines Civil Affairs current role and surveys past conflicts to explore Civil Affairs potential role in all phases of Unconventional Warfare. It assumes that political and logistical networks are the keys to building and sustaining a revolutionary movement. This thesis answers the following questions How can Civil Affairs forces in place now and deployed for an operation identify, develop and motivate revolutionary networks that can be activated to sustain a revolution and fulfill U.S. policy needs within a foreign nation How can Civil Affairs doctrine be revised to better support these taskshttp://archive.org/details/theroleofcivilff1094527789Master Sergeant, United States ArmyMajor, United States ArmyApproved for public release; distribution is unlimited
Notostraca trackways in Permian playa environments of the Lodève basin (France)
Durante casi veinte años, el Dr Lapeyrie, cirujano en Lodève, ha reunido numerosos fósiles provenientes de la Formación del Salagou de la cuenca pérmica de Lodève. Los mismos incluyen insectos, notostráceos, plantas e icnofósiles. Entre los últimos, hay una multitud de pistas de artrópodos, muy bien preservadas, las cuales fueron recogidas en el techo de secuencias depositadas en alrededores de lagos tipo playa. Experimentos sobre locomoción de artrópodos efectuados con animales actuales sugieren que la mayoría de las pistas estudidas fueron producidas por Notostracos de los cuales se han encontrado algunos millares de restos (caparazónes, apéndices, cuerpos enteros) asignados a Triops cancriformis permiensis y Lepidurus occitaniacus. Todos estos rastros fueron producidos de forma subacuática y corresponden a diferentes eto-morfotipos conocidos en la literatura con el nombre de Acripes para las huellas de locomoción, de Rusophycus para las de descanso y excavación (posiciones horizontales, proclinales y opistoclinales) y de Cruziana para locomoción y excavación activa. Numerosas planchas fósiliferas permiten ver claramente el paso de una actividad a la otra. Esta situación fue registrada en una película con Lepidurus actuales. Se reconocieron los icnotaxones Acribes multiformis nov. isp, Rusophycus eutendorfensis, R. carbonarius, R. versans, R. minutus, R. furcosus, Cruziana problematica, C. pascens y, menos abundantemente, Scoyenia isp. También fueron encontradas numerosas pisadas, destacando la icnofacies Scoyenia, encontrándose solamente en los «overbank settings». Para la Formación del Salagou, éstos corresponden a llanuras de inundación/playas donde las zonas inundadas eran temporales y de poca profundidad, y en las que vivían Notostracos, Insectos, Aracnidos y Concostracos (= Spinicaudata + Laevicaudata), este último grupo conocido solamente por cuerpos-fósiles. Este ambiente de playa distal, desarrollado en un clima árido, ha perdurado durante una gran parte del Pérmico, posiblemente entre el Cisuraliense superior y el Lopingiense inferior
Fluoxetine effects assessment on the life cycle of aquatic invertebrates
International audienceFluoxetine is a serotonin re-uptake inhibitor, generally used as an antidepressant. It is suspected to provoke substantial effects in the aquatic environment. This study reports the effects of fluoxetine on the life cycle of four invertebrate species, Daphnia magna, Hyalella azteca and the snail Potamopyrgus antipodarum exposed to fluoxetine spiked-water and the midge Chironomus riparius exposed to fluoxetine-spiked sediments. For D. magna, a multi-generational study was performed with exposition of newborns from exposed organisms. Effects of fluoxetine could be found at low measured concentrations (around 10 micro g l(-1)), especially for parthenogenetic reproduction of D. magna and P. antipodarum. For daphnids, newborns length was impacted by fluoxetine and the second generation of exposed individuals showed much more pronounced effects than the first one, with a NOEC of 8.9 micro g l(-1). For P. antipodarum, significant decrease of reproduction was found for concentrations around 10 micro g l(-1). In contrast, we found no effect on the reproduction of H. azteca but a significant effect on growth, which resulted in a NOEC of 33 micro g l(-1), expressed in nominal concentration. No effect on C. riparius could be found for measured concentrations up to 59.5 mg kg(-1). General mechanistic energy-based models showed poor relevance for data analysis, which suggests that fluoxetine targets specific mechanisms of reproduction
Nanofiltration of lactic acid whey: A process to improve the dryability and the quality of powder
Nanofiltration of lactic acid whey: A process to improve the dryability and the quality of powder. 6. European Drying Conference: EuroDrying 201
Contribution of future wide-swath altimetry missions to ocean analysis and forecasting
The impact of forthcoming wide-swath altimetry missions on the ocean analysis
and forecasting system was investigated by means of OSSEs (observing system
simulation experiments). These experiments were performed with a regional data assimilation system,
implemented in the Iberian–Biscay–Ireland (IBI) region, at 1∕12°
resolution using simulated observations derived from a fully eddy-resolving
free simulation at 1∕36° resolution over the same region. The
objective of the experiments was to assess the ability of different satellite
constellations to constrain the ocean analyses and forecasts, considering
both along-track altimeters and future wide-swath missions; consequently,
the capability of the data assimilation techniques used in the Mercator Ocean
operational system to effectively combine the different kinds of
measurements was also investigated. These assessments were carried out as part of a European Space Agency (ESA)
study on the potential role of wide-swath altimetry in future versions of the
European Union Copernicus programme. The impact of future wide-swath
altimetry data is evident for investigating the reliability of sea level values in
OSSEs. The most significant results were obtained when looking at the sensitivity
of the system to wide-swath instrumental error: considering a constellation
of three nadir and two accurate (small instrumental error) wide-swath
altimeters, the error in ocean analysis was reduced by up to 50 %
compared to conventional altimeters. Investigating the impact of the
repetitivity of the future measurements, the results showed that two
wide-swath missions had a major impact on sea-level forecasting – increasing
the accuracy over the entire time window of the 5-day forecasts – compared
with a single wide-swath instrument. A spectral analysis underlined that the
contributions of wide-swath altimetry data observed in ocean analyses and
forecast statistics were mainly due to the more accurate resolution,
compared with along-track data, of ocean variability at spatial scales
smaller than 100 km. Considering the ocean currents, the results confirmed
that the information provided by wide-swath measurements at the surface is
propagated down the water column and has a considerable impact (30 %) on
ocean currents (up to a depth of 300 m), compared with the present
constellation of altimeters. The ocean analysis and forecasting systems used
here are those currently used by the Copernicus Marine Environment and
Monitoring Service (CMEMS) to provide operational services and ocean
reanalysis. The results obtained in the OSSEs considering along-track
altimeters were consistent with those derived from real data (observing
system experiments, OSEs). OSSEs can also be used to assess the potential of
new observing systems, and in this study the results showed that future
constellations of altimeters will have a major impact on constraining the
CMEMS ocean analysis and forecasting systems and their applications.</p
Eddy-Permitting Ocean Circulation Hindcasts of Past Decades
International audienc
Oceanic hindcast simulations at high resolution suggest that the Atlantic MOC is bistable
All climate models predict a freshening of the North Atlantic at high latitude that may induce an abrupt change of the Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation (hereafter AMOC) if it resides in the bistable regime, where both a strong and a weak state coexist. The latter remains uncertain as there is no consensus among observations and ocean reanalyses, where the AMOC is bistable, versus most climate models that reproduce a mono-stable strong AMOC. A series of four hindcast simulations of the global ocean at 1/12° resolution, which is presently unique, are used to diagnose freshwater transport by the AMOC in the South Atlantic, an indicator of AMOC bistability. In all simulations, the AMOC resides in the bistable regime: it exports freshwater southward in the South Atlantic, implying a positive salt advection feedback that would act to amplify a decreasing trend in subarctic deep water formation as projected in climate scenarios
Should sea-ice modeling tools designed for climate research be used for short-term forecasting?
In theory, the same sea-ice models could be used for both research and operations, but in practice, differences in scientific
and software requirements and computational and human resources complicate the matter. Although sea-ice modeling tools
developed for climate studies and other research applications produce output of interest to operational forecast users, such as
ice motion, convergence, and internal ice pressure, the relevant spatial and temporal scales may not be sufficiently resolved.
For instance, sea-ice research codes are typically run with horizontal resolution of more than 3 km, while mariners need
information on scales less than 300 m. Certain sea-ice processes and coupled feedbacks that are critical to simulating the
Earth system may not be relevant on these scales; and therefore, the most important model upgrades for improving sea-ice
predictions might be made in the atmosphere and ocean components of coupled models or in their coupling mechanisms,
rather than in the sea-ice model itself. This paper discusses some of the challenges in applying sea-ice modeling tools
developed for research purposes for operational forecasting on short time scales, and highlights promising new directions in
sea-ice modeling
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